Older Run

Analyzing Two Adventurers, Gary and Karana Gary Paulsen, the narrator and author of â€Å"Older Run† and Karana, in an excerpt from Island of the Blue Dolphins by Scott O’Dell, are both some type of adventurer. Their adventures and reactions are similar in various ways and are diverse in others. Gary Paulsen experiences a real-life survival adventure with his sled dogs. He is a dogsledder with a team of ten dogs. The dogs have been through vigorous preparation so he is sure that they will have had enough strength and training to satisfy him throughout the run.The run starts out well; Gary was carrying enough extra food and decides to do an open run. He decides this because he wants to steer clear of the forests, the younger dogs might forget what they’re doing and run into trees. As they reach a trestle, Gary discovers that some nutcase had stolen the plywood from the trestle. As a result of the plywood being taken, Gary performs a suicidal maneuver that causes h im to fly twenty feet, and then land into the snow. After he realizes his luck, he works to prepare his dogs to recuperate so he can finish his journey. Gary tries in vain to get back his dogs but each time he is met with failure.But, his dogs come back for him as he merrily drives them to their destination. Karana also experiences real-life adventure which is like Paulsen’s in some ways. Both Paulsen and Karana are vengeful torward someone or an animal. Paulsen is vengeful toward the maniac that tore out the plywood from the trestle because the missing plywood caused him a sufficient amount of difficulty. Karana is vengeful toward the dag that killed her brother because now she was alone on the island except for other animals, including a pack of vicious, menacing dogs. Like Paulsen, Karana also feels determined.She feels determined when she built the fire to drive the dogs out of the cave because it will give her a chance to kill some of the pack. Paulsen feels determined b ecause he needs to get the dogs back on track after he scattered them accident because he was thrown off the trestle. Paulsen is confident that he was ready to leave for the run because the dogs had been taught and trained. Likewise, Karana was confident that of her use of bow, arrow, and spear to kill the lead dog in revenge for killing her younger brother. Paulsen and Karana are also different in some ways.Paulsen is optimistic about his dogs traveling with him when they first start off because he enjoys riding behind dogs in sled. But, Karana is uncomfortable about the lead dog (Rontu) sleeping inside her house so she sleeps outside on a rock because being eaten by a hefty black dog does not appeal to her. While Gary Paulsen is fearful that his education has fallen behind the dogs and he might never catch up, Karana feels affectionate toward Rontu when she treats his arrow wound. Finally, Paulsen was surprised that all of his dogs came back for him after he caused them so much tr ouble and struggle.On the other hand, the first three days Rontu is staying in Karana’s home to recover, Karana is longing for the dog, Rontu, to leave her house so she can have some peace and privacy. In conclusion, Gary Paulsen Experiences real-life survival adventure with his team of sled dogs while Karana also experiences a real-life survival adventure which is like Paulsen’s in some ways and different in others. Karana and Paulsen’s reactions show that they are determined to reach their goal and that they can have a sudden change of heart.

English Literature Coursework Essay

Compare and contrast at least two short stories by Edgar Allen Poe, paying particular attention to setting, atmosphere, characterisation, theme and language. Throughout this essay I will be comparing and contrasting Edgar Allen Poe’s ‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Cask of Amontillado’. Edgar Allen Poe had a particular preference to what though was good writing he believed that a story should build suspense and tension and all techniques should be used to build this tension for a big finish, his ‘unity of effects’. Many of Poe’s stories are very gothic and sinister, this can be seen to have been influenced by the long chain of very traumatic events in his life such as losing both parents, losing his wife, alcoholism and hallucinations. He should never be called crazy himself but his stories often involve ‘crazy’ narrators and characters. I will firstly start of with the setting in ‘The Cask of Amontillado’, this is a story set in old Italy in which our main character ‘Montressor’ has been gravely insulted by ‘Fortunato’ and to find his revenge he buries him alive deep underneath his mansion. The setting in the Cask is sinister and also ironic. Its set in a mansion during the carnival, the mansion itself is very gothic and creepy which gives us the gothic element, but the fact that its set during carnival is very ironic as carnival is supposed to be a time of joy and gaiety not a time for evil murders such as this. The reason this murder actually takes place is also due to the carnival, as during it a lot of social boundaries are dropped and laws are less firmly enforced which gives him this chance to ‘get away with murder’. The deed itself is set deep in Montressors cellar, his catacombs, which provides is with a very gothic atmosphere. The deeper they descend into the cellar can also been seen as irony for descending into hell which gives us another layer to the setting of this tale. ‘The Black Cat’ is a story set all at home in which a very strange series of events take place and the narrator who was once a very fond animal lover becomes their enemy and ends up killing one cat and attempting to kill his second but instead kills his wife, who he walls up in his cellar and accidently walls up the cat alive with her. During this time we witness his slow decent into utter madness. The setting as I said is all at the narrator home, this is ironic as the home is where we are supposed to feel most secure and most safe but it this tale its where these crazy and rather disturbing events take place, this affects the reader in a way which makes them think that the home is maybe not so secure as they once thought and challenges their views of safety and security. The safety of home is a total contrast to the sinister events that take place. This is similar to the Cask as all deaths in both stories take place in the narrators home, but is contrasted as in the Cask he was more in control of where the death could have taken place as he was more ‘sane’, but it in ‘The Black Cat’ he is less in control and the death of his wife was more spur of the moment. The murder in the cask was very much thought out and everything was planned to the last detail but in the black cat he is often drunk or not in a safe state of mind when the murders are committed. I will now compare and contrast the atmosphere in both stories. In the Cask Poe creates a gothic atmosphere by describing the scenery very vivid and in a hugely gothic detail. Such as ‘upon the damp ground of the catacombs of the montressors’ which gives up a vivid image of a huge damp cellar lined with cob-webs and rats. Also the ‘madness’ of the carnival is ironic for the madness of the deeds that’s going to take place. In the black cat the gothic atmosphere is created by the huge range of gothic literature and very dramatic writing. During the story there are series of very perverse doings such as the pair of deaths one being a cat and the other his wife. There are also lots of hints towards to supernatural elements starting off with the connection between black cats and witches by the narrator’s wife, which we can assume played on his mind throughout the story and may have lead to part of his downfall. Both stories have a huge intensity and a great build up of tension. Both stories create terror and a gothic atmosphere. Now I will discuss the largest of all subjects from the two stories, the narrators. The narrator in the Cask is a very proud man and not easily annoyed as Poe says that he say bared most of Forunato’s but once he is gravely insulted he believes he has to go to the extremity of murder to gain his revenge and regain his dignity. I’d say the character is actually rather reliable as he doesn’t seem to be ‘insane’, just getting revenge the only way he thinks he can, and he often mentions that what he’s doing is just part of human nature and everyone does it just maybe not on this scale. His state of mind is pretty secure, he seems to know exactly what he’s doing and just how he’s going to do it and everything seems very much planned out to the utter last detail. His only slip would seem to be right at the end when he starts to call out Fortunato’s name where it would seem that he’s starting to feel regret already for wha t he’s doing. He’s very manipulative as he knows exactly what things to say to make Fortunato come with him, such as mentioning ‘Luchresi’ as he knows that Fortunato would be in competition with him and would be jealous to see him take it to Luchresi instead of him, he basically uses him as a lure, even though that is all we hear about Luchresi its enough to sway Fortunato into the montressors deep vaults. Now for the narrator in the black cat, at the beginning of the story he is made out to be a very respectful and animal loving character. In the case of this particular character I can easily say that he is unreliable as he is clearly insane. Unlike the narrator in the cask, during his mental disintegration he starts to hallucinate. Such as the ‘enormous, flat’ cat he imagines in house after the death of his first cat, and secondly the gallows appearing in the tuft of white hair on the second cat. The gallows are used as foreshadowing, maybe his death, or another death in his household or his impending capture. Throughout the story the narrators state of mind deteriates slowly, one reason for this could be his alcoholism that had taken control of him. He calls the alcohol ‘fiend intemperance’ which he says had altered his for the worse, this shows that the narrator can see what’s slowly happening to himself but blames it on the alcohol as he calls it a fiend. This adds another layer to the alcohol and leads up to believe that the narrator’s state of mind is not totally secure. So unlike the narrator in the cask we feel that he is rather out of control of his actions and his state of mind. The third subject comparison I will make is in the language of the two stories. In the cask Poe uses a huge array of linguistic devices. There is extensive vocabulary throughout the prose which gives it depth and great vivid detail such as ‘deep dark crypt’; this has two descriptive adjectives and alliteration in a tiny space. This gives the tale imagery of this evil crypt and mysterious vaults. He also uses several instances of repetition to describe and give the story yet another layer or depth and emphasis in particular important events in the prose; ‘a succession of loud and shrill screams’. He also has a wide range of sentence structure, simple, compound and complex. The complex sentences in this prose build tension and then a compound or simple on for impact. All of these techniques create and build tension and intensity. There is also irony, for example the use of appearance versus reality where the narrator presents himself as one way when infact in reality it is clearly obvious they are not. Foreshadowing is also used, this is when a particular event is mentioned or hinted at will become later in the story. Such as when Fortunato is suffering from a cough and upon entering the vaults has a sudden coughing fit after which montressor requests that they leave but fortunate insists that; ‘the cough’s a mere nothing; it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough’. This is seen as foreshadowing his future, true he will not die of a cough, but he will die in these vaults. In the black cat Poe uses irony in his very first paragraph, ‘mere household events’ when we know that they are clearly far from mere household events. Poe also uses personification; the most rhetorical is when he personifies the alcohol to give it another layer and it would also give ‘someone’ to blame his irrational behaviour on. The use of irony is noticeable when the narrator reveals that his first cats name was Pluto, who, in Greek mythology, is the lord of the underworld. This could also tap into the supernatural element of the tale which could be the reason for the narrator’s physiological downfall. Poe uses the technique of rhetorical questions to probe at the reader and leave an unanswered question in the readers head. Such as; ‘who has not, a hundred times, found himself committing a vile or a silly action, for no other reason that because he knows he should not?’. This particular rhetorical question is basically talking about this perverse side in everyone and about basic human nature, which is something that we can all relate to as readers and could also, be the narrator trying to justify his actions as part of everyday human nature. Poe’s vocabulary is very vicious, emotive and demonic, such as ‘demons’, ‘exhault’, ‘damned’ and ‘agony’. These emotive words play on the emotions and are much better than just normal descriptive words. Once again, like the Cask, intensity is created and built throughout the story, and both have foreshadowing, symbolism and good diction. An example of foreshadowing in the black cat could be the narrator’s hallucination of the gallows appearing in his second cat’s fur, this could be foreshadowing a death that he could be related to including himself. The last category I will be comparing and contrasting is themes in the tale. In the cask Poe explores several themes, such as the dropping of moral boundaries at the time of carnivals and their consequences, such as crime. Poe is just using this extremity to show this. Revenge is also another theme explored in this tale and once again this is an extremity to show that. It is also to explore the narrator’s state of mind and to entertain the reader. In the black cat Poe explores the idea that everyone has a perverse side and uses this extremity to show that. Like the cask, it also explores the narrator’s state of mind and to entertain the reader.

Business Partner Model Essay

The business partnering model and its impact on both the HR function and HR practice Since the concept of the business partnering model was introduced by Ulrich in 1997, the composition of the HR function has dramatically changed. As Goodge (2005) identified, â€Å"partnering is fundamentally changing almost every HR function, every HR job, and every HR career† (Pg. 32). Ulrich argued that HR needed to deliver on both a strategic and administrative level and identified four key roles through which organisations could achieve this (Torrington et al. 2007). The model has become a fixation for much of the HR community and its introduction has initiated a fundamental change to the HR function’s anatomy over the last decade (Francis & Keegan, 2008). The key themes which will be discussed within this literature review are the impact of the model on the competencies required of successful business partners, the debate of HR’s strategic focus as a result of the model and the loss of the employee champion role. However, attention must first be brought to the partnering model itself. The Model Ulrich’s business partnering model focuses on four key roles that HR need to address in order to deliver organisational excellence (Ulrich 1998). Becoming a ‘strategic partner’ in the execution of organisational strategy, increasing functional efficiency by being an ‘administrative expert’, fully engaging employees by becoming an ‘employee champion’ and finally, through facilitating and encouraging a culture of flexibility and acceptance to the evolving business environment as a ‘change agent’ (Ulrich 1998). Precursors to Ulrich’s partnering model are Tyson and Fell’s 1985 model, based upon three fundamental positions using a construction site metaphor (architect, clerk of works and contract negotiator) and Storey’s 1992 model based on the four roles required in the shift from personnel management to Human Resource Management (regulator, handmaiden, adviser and changemaker) (Torrington et al. , 2007). In 2005, Ulrich and Brockbank mused over the partnering model once more and proposed a refreshed framework. This was not a revolutionary diversion from the original model, however a reflection of the changing roles that they had been observing in organisations since the introduction of the original model (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005a). The model was upgraded with the omission of the roles ‘employee champion’, ‘change agent’ and ‘administrative expert’, with these being replaced by ‘employee advocate’ (focusing on current employee needs), ‘human capital developer’ (preparing employees to be successful for the future) and ‘functional expert’ (administrative efficiency and the development of policies) (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005a). The ‘strategic partner’ role remained within the refreshed model and they also added a fifth dimension which was that of the ‘HR Leader’, the genuine leadership role which ties all four key roles together (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005a). What is interesting from the literature, is that although this more modern model has been considered, it is the original model to which most commentators refer. Before considering the impact of this model on HR functions and practice, it is important to first consider why such a large number of organisations have found it appropriate to restructure their HR departments in this way. In 1998, Ulrich himself questioned the effectiveness of the role that HR played in organisations and recognised that his model needed to move away from HR’s traditional activities, which focused on processes, to a focus on deliverables (Ulrich, 1998). The new model was a way of ensuring that HR as a function was adding value and increasing organisational competitiveness (Ulrich, 1997) and his approach of using HR professionals as strategic business partners was being seen as a mechanism for allowing changes to be made in order for HR to make these significant competitive and strategic contributions (Goodge, 2005). Lawler & Mohrman (2003) argued that in organisations where competitive advantage was created through human and intellectual capital, the demand for HR to be a strategic partner was greater. What makes a competent business partner? Defining what the single role of a business partner involves is rather ambiguous and much of the recent literature identifies that there is no single model for HR business partnering, therefore leaving each organisation to have their own interpretation of what a business partner is (Caldwell, 2008 & 2010; Torrington et al. , 2007; Beckett, 2005). In some organisations the impact of the model has only gone as far as an upgraded ob title (Beckett, 2005; Pitcher, 2008) and it is this weak implementation in some companies that has led to various criticisms of the model (Peacock, 2008; Pitcher, 2008). This leads to the first key discussion identified within the literature, which questions the use of competency models in the selection, development and success of business partners in achieving the outcome of ‘organisational excellence’. With the business partner role seeking a more strategic mind-set, it has been seen as increasingly more difficult to find people who fit the role (Beckett, 2005). Caldwell (2010) has most recently discussed the use of competency models for the better selection and development of HR business partners, as a new way of aligning HR strategy with organisational performance. The competencies that have been argued as most essential for a successful business partner are being a strong operational executor, a cultural steward, a strategic architect, a business ally and credible activist, an experienced talent manager and organisational designer (Ulrich, 2008 cited in Caldwell, 2010). The competencies, in theory, would lead the business partner to performing a balance of the four key roles originally proposed by Ulrich, however what is clearly apparent from the literature, is that the business partner role is wide open for interpretation (Torrington et al. , 2007; Beckett, 2005). Therefore what can be argued as a benefit of using a competency framework, is that it can potentially offer a more consistent approach to selection, development and success of partnering (Caldwell, 2010). Caldwell’s (2010) study considered the HR and business strategy linkage, with selection and development of business partners through the use of competency models as antecedents to this link. What was indicated in his study was that using these competency frameworks was largely effective in the selection of HR business partners, however much less effective in the development and linking between HR strategy and organisational performance (Caldwell, 2010). The relationship between HR roles and competency models is an area of significant controversy and it was not long before questions were raised as to how each key role played out within the business partner position; whether there were a holistic set of competencies for the business partner role or separate competencies for the four key roles (Caldwell, 2010). Other queries were raised in the literature regarding the weighting of importance of each of the competencies and also whether or not these competencies were generally applicable to all HR practitioners or just to those playing a business partner role (Caldwell, 2010). Ulrich and Brockbank (2005a) appreciated that not all of the key roles could be played to the same degree and depending on which HR category you specialised in, different roles may take a priority. This therefore brings the reader back to Torrington et al. (2007) and Becketts’ (2005) notion that there is no single model and that although the discussions are advancing within the literature about the role of business partners, it appears there has been no agreement of the best method of implementation. This was reflected in Caldwell’s study, where he appreciated that the creation of the competency models was beneficial, but that the problem highlighted in HR practice was the difficulty of managing the transition from possessing the competencies, to delivering the capability (Caldwell, 2010). One of the most talked about competencies within the literature is that of possessing business understanding. Lawler and Mohrman (2003) discussed in their research that for someone fulfilling the role of business partner, strong understanding of the business was essential. Beckett (2005) also advocates the need for a commercially aware candidate, however in practice, this is very difficult to recruit for within the pool of HR professionals. As a result of this limited pool of resources, there has been a rise in members within the HR function who have been parachuted in from other areas of the business, such as marketing or sales (Francis & Keegan, 2006). Lawler and Mohrman’s (2003) study noted that one quarter or senior HR professionals had side stepped into the HR function from these other business areas, with the objective of greater strategic alignment with the business. Therefore potentially increasing the impact the HR function has on organisational performance (Francis & Keegan, 2006). There are, however, various implications to HR practice by focusing business partner competencies in such a way. Although HR professionals may see this odern commercial and strategic focus as enhancing the value of their role, it is being observed that line managers and employees can often become sceptical and mistrustful that HR are focused too much on business objectives rather than on those of the people (Caldwell, 2010). Beckett (2005) also outlines concerns of appointing a HR business partner who only has commercial experience by arguing that you are open to the risk of unsafe management of the business, however on the flipside, by getting the balance wrong and isolating your business partners from the rest of the HR function, it can result in losing the HR focus. Therefore a ‘perfect’ business partner would have a balanced background of commercial and business acumen, coupled with the experience of the multiple facets of HR in order to really add strategic value and deliver ‘organisational excellence’ (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). The shift towards a strategic focus One of the fundamental factors of the business partnering model is ensuring that the HR and business strategies are aligned, therefore enabling the HR function to deliver organisational excellence. This leads to the next key theme identified within the literature regarding the shift to a strategic HR focus which has resulted in a repositioning of the identity of the HR profession (Wright, 2008). Wright (2008) observes that moving towards strategic HRM has contributed to the occupation losing its wider social objectives and transforming into a simple agent of capital (p. 1068). These discussions are contradictory to the balanced purpose of Ulrich’s four key roles, however the literature has suggested that out of the four roles, the strategic partner has been represented with unbalanced proportion. Lawler and Mohrman (2003) argue that if HR does not play a strategic partnering role, how can the function be fully aligned with what the business needs are and then deliver the most effective activities? It is clear from the discussions within the literature that as organisations become more cost effective and streamlined, they will increasingly require fewer HR practitioners to undertake the transactional workloads as this will be transferred to shared service models or outsourcing. Therefore the argument for a partnership to be truly effective, requires the HR function to put more emphasis on the strategic activities such as organisational design and planning (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). In practice this seems to have been the case and the impact on organisations who have adopted the partnering model have witnessed a transformation in their HR activities, shifting away from the traditional administrative functions to devoting more attention to organisational level activities such as those strategic activities discussed above (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). Focusing competencies on this link between HR and business strategy however, could lead to the business partner role becoming unsustainable (Caldwell, 2010) and Hope Hailey et al. (2005) question the strategic-heavy focus. Their study demonstrated that while the HR function is becoming more notable strategically, the human side of the functionality is deteriorating (Hope Hailey et al. 2005), thus suggesting that the strategic role on its own does not necessarily enhance the organisational performance of the human capital. Ulrich’s (1997) proposal required HR professionals to be both operational and strategic in their focus through all of the four key roles, however Caldwell (2003) noted the inherent ‘role conflict’ which would naturally emerge from this performance of more than one role, due to the competing demands made upon them by employees and senior management (Hope Hailey et al. 2005). As discussed earlier, the partnering model is most effective and successful in organisations which rely on human and intellectual capital as a source of competitive advantage (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003), therefore if business partners don’t balance the needs of the people focusing roles, they will not achieve the organisational excellence Ulrich’s (1997) model was designed for. Hope Hailey et al. 2005) agree with Caldwell (2003) that ‘role conflict’ is inevitable with the performance of multiple roles and therefore question whether it will ever be possible in practice for the HR function to balance both employee and management needs through fulfilling Ulrich’s four key roles. The ‘perfect’ partner can balance these conflicting roles by having a strategic influence at a corporate level and strong expertise in operational delivery, however as noted in the literature around competencies, these qualities are not easy to find, nor to develop. What has happened to the role of ‘employee champion’? The final key discussion which has been noted from the recent literature, progresses from the fixation of the strategic focus of the partnering model and questions the shift of attention away from the employee. Wright (2008) observed that for nearly all respondents of his study, the strategic adviser role was seen as a much more attractive identity than that of the traditional image of the bureaucratic HR manager. Therefore, one can see how the profession is seen to be losing its focus on the people facing ‘employee champion’ role. Lawler and Mohrman (2003) argue that for partnership to work HR must increase their faith in line managers and transfer various transactional HR responsibilities to them (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003), therefore the answer to this lost role therefore seems to be addressed by this devolvement. The benefits which have been argued for doing this are that it creates more time for HR to become more strategically proactive (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003) and line managers can become responsible and answerable to their employees which strengthens their relationships by almost becoming an HR champion (Ulrich, 1998). In practice however, Hope Hailey et al. (2005) believe that the failure to recognise the importance of the employee champion role is a big mistake and that the devolvement of such a responsibility to line management may be flawed. They noted that empirical research had suggested that devolving various HR responsibilities to the line was being met with certain inefficiencies to deliver such responsibilities, such as lack of training and lack of time, few incentives to fulfil the additional work and the need to focus on delivering their own short term business results (McGovern, 1999 cited in Hope Hailey et al. , 2005). The devolvement is also problematic in the sense that line managers are not always capable or motivated to take on the role of employee champion (Hope Hailey et al. , 2005). Francis and Keegan (2005) were also sceptical over the benefits of devolving HR responsibilities to line management and identified three major problems associated with the delegation of such duties. Firstly, they observed a loss of employee confidence as HR focus shifted to strategic business issues; a cost to employee well-being as a result of potential inconsistent application of policies and processes; and finally a disenchantment amongst HR practitioners who were unable to perform the role that was at the fundamental heart of HR – the employee champion, advocate and counsellor. Francis and Keegan (2005) concluded that not only did this affect the relationship between HR and the workforce, but between the HR professionals themselves. They also noted the strangeness of this shift away from the employee champion role amid the HR community’s grand plans to increase employee engagement (Francis & Keegan, 2005). In essence, it therefore appears that considerable caution must be used in initiating such transfers of accountability. Conclusion It can plainly be observed that over a decade after the introduction of Ulrich’s business partnering model, the HR community are still avidly debating its practical usefulness. What can be gathered from the key discussions is that the theoretical model makes a stellar case for increasing organisational performance and raising the profile of the HR function, however it seems that the impact of the model in practice is that it is the implementation of the model that is failing its success in most organisations. The academic writers are keen to dissect the benefits and limitations of the model, however what really needs to be reported is exactly how to implement the model in practice and to identify this across a range of different organisations. Further research also needs to be undertaken in the area of business partner development, as it appears the essential competencies have been numerously defined, but the focus on training HR practitioners to think and behave in Ulrich’s business partner mind-set requires further investigation. As businesses change, HR functions are being increasingly required to demonstrate their strategic value and this model seems to have provided a platform for really adding value, however as discussed in the final section, it is imperative that the HR function retain a balanced approach to their roles and not to lose sight of the fundamental people side of the people versus processes equation.

What are the most important economic concepts that determine the Essay

What are the most important economic concepts that determine the structure of the construction industry - Essay Example nstruction industry, several factors of production are involved and they include, but are not limited to capital, raw materials, and labor (Myers, 2008). All the resources employed in the construction industry play a significant part towards the delivery of standardized and quality products. The allocation of the related resources to an activity is done based on the concept of increased efficiency and matching output levels. For example, the amount of labor available for a set project is subject to financial constraints as well as the availability of the labor in the market. Financial constraints dictate the price and cost of labor and as such, the construction industry is subject to external and internal forces. This introduces the second main economic concept concerned with the examination of external and internal constraints. External constraints or forces relate to outside influences, not in the control of the construction sector such as support services provided by banking and insurance institution (Myers, 2008). The construction sector relies to some extent on the availability of financial support in capital formation from banking institutions and has to develop its structures around financial requirements and standards. External support systems such as the access to insurance are important in the mitigation of the sector from probable risks. Risks in the sector vary according to the type of construction involved and the possible losses could have fatal financial as well as legal implications on the construction sector. However, external factors should not be viewed as limiting factors in the development of concrete structures in the construction sector, but as elements promoting the development of the construction sector. The internal forces influencing the structure of the construction sector are reliant on the allocation and distribution of scarce resources. The participants of the construction sector engage in continued evaluation of internal resources

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Research Proposal - Essay Example Deeper analysis of the marketing mix will provide an adequate understanding of the concept hence accurate strategies. The following is a framework that will aide in conducting studies on marketing mix. The framework provides the rationale, research questions and objectives, review of literature, methodology, and ethical problems. Rationale Contemporary business organizations continue to experience increased competition hence the need to have effective marketing strategies. In order to make a marketing strategy effective, there is need for every stakeholder involved to ensure that various components of marketing are protected (Iacobucci, 2012: 116). The main components of marketing include product, price, promotion, and place. Every effective market strategy balances between the product, price, promotion, and place. A poor balance or composition of each of the four components definitely leads to ineffective marketing strategy (Wenderoth, 2009: 52). Imperatively, effective marketing st rategies continue to appeal to many customers (Meyer, 2010: 78). Given the appeal that effective marketing strategies have on customers, every business enterprise needs to structure their promotional tools in a way that would incorporate the other three marketing components proportionately (Fried, 2005:48). Despite the many studies conducted on how to attain an appropriate marketing mix for the purposes of enhancing the marketing strategies, there is need for a more detailed research study especially in the contemporary environment where there has been dynamisms within tastes, preferences, fashions, and other components. As a result, the following is a research proposal, which provides adequate literature review, methodology, and ethical problems. The framework will be useful in conducting a quantitative analysis in respect to marketing mix. Research Questions and Objectives The main aim of this study is to establish how to develop appropriate marketing mix strategies that would not only be effective to a business enterprise but also appeal to the customers. Therefore, this study aims at finding answers to different questions that include: 1. What percentage of customers within soft drink sector consider price as the most determining marketing mix component in making buying decisions? 2. How does the buying decisions of consumers within the soft drink industry affected by product market mix? 3. Are consumers’ buying decisions based on perceptions in respect to products of soft drink firms affected by promotion market mix? 4. What impact does place as a market mix has on the buying behaviours and decisions of consumers within the soft drink industry? Based on the above research questions, the objectives of this research study in respect to the marketing mix strategies include: 1. To identify the percentage of customers within soft drink sector that consider price as the most determining marketing mix component in making buying decisions. 2. To establish the changes in consumers buying decisions on the basis of soft drink products. 3. To evaluate the changing perceptions of consumers towards soft drink produced on the basis of promotion as a market mix 4. To identify the impact of place on the buying decisions of consumers towards soft drinks. The above four questions and objectives cut across the marketing mix elements and components hence

Keeler v. Superior Court, 2 Cal 3D 619 (1970) Research Paper

Keeler v. Superior Court, 2 Cal 3D 619 (1970) - Research Paper Example He insisted, upon viewing her pregnant form, the he would â€Å"stomp it out of you†, then pushing her against the car and driving his knee sharply into her abdomen (New York State Bar Association, 2010, p.623). After striking his wife in the face several times, she eventually fainted. Upon awaking, Robert Keeler had left the scene of the crime. Her first move was to return to Stockton where she approached the police, who summoned medical assistance. She was discovered to have significant facial injuries and extensive bruises on her abdomen (loislaw.com, 2010). Upon the advice of medical practitioners, a C-section was performed in which the fetus was discovered to have a fractured skull and was delivered stillborn. Under Penal Code  § 187, Robert Keeler was charged with murder as it was determined that the damage caused to the fetus could only have been sustained through external force. The Supreme Court of Amador County ruled that Robert Keeler could not be held on murder charges or convicted of the crime. The judge in the case cited Penal Code 187 that provides â€Å"murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, with malice afterthought† (loislaw.com, 2010, p.2). At this time, in 1970, most of the laws pertaining to murder and identifying what constitutes a human being was related to very old common law from the 1850s. There were no precedents set that clearly indicated fetus rights and such rights in relation to classification as a human being. This common law involved protections for individuals who had been born alive, and Teresa Keeler’s child had been stillborn. The judge had no legal viability by which to uphold murder charges. The judge further ruled that citing other relevant laws other than those spelled out in Penal Code 187 would deny Mr. Keeler due process afforded him by law (loislaw.com). Though Robert Keeler’s domestic assault charges were upheld, there were absolutely no

Digital Target Audience and Media Influencer Essay

Digital Target Audience and Media Influencer - Essay Example The story is about sharing experiences and giving hope where there is none. In other segments, there are classifieds and news coverage from different parts of the world. The site runs ads on different goods on promotion and hot deals. The site integrates with its social network sites which include Twitter, Google+ and Facebook. Participants engage using these networks on news, trends, gossip and other stories highlighted on the site (Indystar). The content in the site include videos, pictures and graphics. The quality is good and merges those of other news media sites. The site generally carries stories about Indianapolis and other parts of the world. The content is essential for the company that requires tracking its customers throughout their lives and creating customized and effective ads. The online media platform has a wide spectrum of services and products. Better analysis and tracking will provide accurate information on how customers can be served better and their demands satisfied in Indianapolis. This YouTube media channel is a nature exploration platform for those enthusiastic with media. The channel details National Geographic best range of wild habitats including all kinds of wildlife. The channel has is rich with videos describing different habitats in the world, from the Kalahari to Brazil. Videos are high quality presented in HD and involve well-researched documentaries produced by the world’s greatest wild enthusiasts. Documentaries on Wild American Yellowstone Scavengers, Snowy Owls, Hummingbirds, most beautiful and colorful birds, Siberian wolfs and Hippos are informative and explorative. The channels qualify as a good media outlet because it has more than 1862 subscriptions and more than 270,000 views. The channel has social media outlets which let its subscribers follow what is happening (YouTube). Most of the videos uploaded to this channel attract record-breaking views. One of its video  uploads â€Å"Birds of Paradise† has attracted 116,378 views, while another â€Å"Snowy Owl† has over 69,000 views.

Why did the bank of England adopt a policy of inflation targeting in Essay

Why did the bank of England adopt a policy of inflation targeting in 1992 and how has the pursuit of inflation targeting been linked to attempts to make monetar - Essay Example Any government has the power to regulate the economy of the country and not only does it regulate the economy, it has a vital role to ensure that the economic condition remains stable. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that all the aspects of economy maintain a stable level so that the country can grow and expand. Government regulates many things in an economy including inflation, exports and imports, prices of many vital commodities, and many important economic aspects. Government of England has entrusted the job of determining the monetary policy, in the hands of Bank of England. Bank of England looks into many other big issues. One of the most important issues is that of ensuring monetary stability in the economy, which can be achieved through a combination of stable prices of goods and services across the economy coupled with a low inflation level and level of confidence of the investors in the currency of the country. The Bank comes out with the monetary policy in order to ensure a certain key objectives like, delivering price stability with a low inflation level coupled with an objective to support the Government’s economic objectives of growth and employment. Price stability is taken care of, by the Government’s usual inflation target of 2%. There is a need to contemplate the crucial and critical role played by price stability in achieving the aforesaid economic stability, and in providing just the right conditions for a sustain able and longer living growth in output and employment. Chancellor of the Exchequer announces the Government’s inflation target every year in the annual Budget statement. Though The 1998 Bank of England Act enables it to set interest rates independently, however, The Bank does hold accountability to the parliament and the wider public, which can not be refrained from. The legislation provides the government the power to instruct the bank on the interest rates issues for a limited period

Tattoos and Body Piercing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tattoos and Body Piercing - Research Paper Example It might also be acquired to represent the rebellion against the status quo or those in authority for instance teenagers worldwide get tattoos and body piercings to express their disobedience to their parents who are rarely fond of these activities. The modern day tattooing is made a lot easier, thanks to scientific development and new laser technologies. One of the forms of body art, which has descended down from ancient times and successfully transited in the cultures of modern times, is henna art. Made of natural herbs, it is used to decorate hands and feet of women in eastern cultures on their weddings and other occasions marking rites of passage. However, most people, more significantly in the west, have proceeded to tattoo culture to show their rebellion to status quo and express their opinions with more freedom and aggression (Sawyer, 97). However, as easy as it is recent times to get a piercing or tattoo, the hazards it causes to health cannot be over emphasized. First, it be ing a permanent body art, removing a tattoo may be difficult and very expensive since it involves the use of high-tech instruments. Second, the tattoos are highly prone to infections and skin allergies. The red dye used in tattoos usually causes rashes, sometimes years after getting a tattoo. The infections caused by tattoos are mainly bacterial and appear as sores and pus-like forms. Often, granulomas, a bump-like structure, form around the tattoo due to the ink dye used. In addition, and most dangerously of all, tattoos makes the immune system more prone to blood borne diseases i.e. if the tools used for carving the tattoos contains smears of infected blood, then the individual is on a high risk of developing chronic illnesses like... This essay approves that people are now adapting to the new trends and employers are learning to focus on more important things than the body art of contestants such as their expertise, additional skills, and ability to contribute to the mission of organization. This drastic change in the attitudes of people towards these once-judges practices is sometimes attributed to the globalization. The whole world has come together in a form of a global village and people from diverse backgrounds have come to know each other and learn from each other. In times like these, it is difficult to judge others in comparison to ‘self’ and not accept the diversity amongst different types of people. In addition, in such a compact atmosphere it is very likely to trade expertise, inspirations, beliefs, and practices. This report makes a conclusion that the media owes a big credit in this regard. Globalization has more or less just strengthened the bond amongst people from diverse backgrounds. It is the media and its undying influence that brought people together in the first place. The rapid progress in the world of information and technology and more importantly the internet boom is highly responsible in the conditioning of people to accept and regard other people and the differences between them. Those who were too stubborn before to give respect to individuals who had gotten themselves pierced in the tongue or forehead are now beginning to accept the differences and treat them like equals rather than being intimidated or disgusted, as before.

Compare and contrast the management schools of Global Convergence and Essay

Compare and contrast the management schools of Global Convergence and Global Divergence - Essay Example â€Å"International management involves a number of issues not present when the activities of the firm are confined to one country†, - Armstrong says (2006, p.100). These issues comprise the variety of international organisational models, the problems of managing in different cultures and environments, the extent to which management policy and practice should vary in different countries, and the approaches used to manage these practices and processes. International management policies are considered taking into account there should be convergence or divergence in the management practice adopted in overseas companies. As Rowley and Benson (2000) assert: â€Å"Globalisation and international trade and finance may place substantial pressure on companies to force them to standardise practices and polices. †¦ [However], local customs, institutions, and labour forces do provide serious constraints on the degree of convergence and may lead to increasing levels of divergence (p. 2). In this paper we will compare and contrast the management schools of Global Convergence and Global Divergence so that to make a conclusion as to which school offers the most convincing explanation of the likely challenges faced by managers in international organisations in the future. In order to follow the Convergence versus Divergence debate it is necessary to understand a role of cultural diversity, which is a key issue in international business management. Armstrong (2006) emphasises that â€Å"managers in each country operate within a national institutional context and share a set of cultural assumptions. Neither institutions nor cultures change quickly and rarely in ways that are the same as other countries. †¦It follows that managers in one country behave in a way that is noticeably different from managers in other countries† (p102). Hofstede (1980) identifies five dimensions of culture, which has been adapted by Bento and Ferreira (1992) to

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Example for Free

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Definition When you hear the word negotiation, what comes first to mind? Negotiation is almost always an everyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us. Indeed, how often do you negotiate often, seldom, or never? Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times: from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning garbage to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your family—to some extent, every facet of life is linked with one’s using of negotiation. Negotiation occurs whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they confer for agreement. Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that negotiation is conducted neither to widen nor to breach the relationship, but to form a new or different configuration. In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a good part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the communication process. It is usually more than helpful in one’s work environment and in closing deals with new clients or prospects. Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you will be in-charge of marketing new and pioneer products to the market. Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you want conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that theyve won, in some way, after the event. Preparing for a successful negotiation†¦ Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person’s. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our free worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiating: Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away?   Alternatives: if you don’t reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement cut you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have? Relationships: what is the history of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will there be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these? Expected outcomes: what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set?   The consequences: what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person? Power: who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isn’t reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for? †¢ Possible solutions: based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be? Negotiating successfully†¦ The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other person’s position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible. Peoples positions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially appear the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect! In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to try to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so – the scale of this compensation will often depend on the many of the factors we discussed above. Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. Only consider win-lose negotiation if you dont need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are unlikely to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have won, they may be uncooperative and legalistic about the way they do this.

Macbeth sountrack Essay Example for Free

Macbeth sountrack Essay In act 1 scene 5 is when Lady Macbeth found out the news about how Macbeth would become the Thane of Cawdor and king for the witches. I chose the song â€Å"I Want It All† by Queen to represent this scene. Part of the songs lyrics are â€Å"I want it all, I want it all, I want it all, and I want it now†. Lady Macbeth heard the news that he would be king and she right away wanted to accomplish that. She didn’t want to wait but instead she take the steps necessary to make Macbeth king as soon as possible. In act 1 scene 6 is when the king and others arrive at Macbeth’s castle to stay the night. I chose the song â€Å"Let Em In† by Paul McCartney to represent this scene. The songs lyrics are â€Å"Someones knockin at the door, somebodys ringin the bell, do me a favor, open the door and let em in†. This perfectly describes that scene because when King Duncan arrives Lady Macbeth is there to let them in. She already has a plan figured out for them and can’t wait to execute it. In act 3 scene 4 I chose the song â€Å"I’m Going Slightly Mad† by Queen to represent this scene. In the scene Macbeth is having a dinner party and notices that all the seats are taken. When he sees that his seat is taken by the ghost of Banquo he starts talking to the ghost who is invisible to everyone else. The lyrics â€Å"I’m going slightly mad† describe how Macbeth was acting really strange and made the guests question him. The ghost later came back and made Macbeth have an outburst again alarming the guests which sent them home. A symbol that is portrayed in this play is the weather. The weather plays a role in which if something bad is coming up a storm might appear. The song â€Å"The Thunder Rolls† by Garth Brooks reminds of when the witches would enter and a storm would move in. Also the night that Duncan got murdered, a terrible storm came in that night indicating that something bad happened. These natural occurrences are hints to the audience that something isn’t right and the song does a good job of describing a thunder storm. In act 1 scene 7 is when Lady Macbeth told Macbeth to be a man and kill Duncan. â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man; And to be more than what you were, you would; Be so much more the man†. I chose the song â€Å"I’ll Make a Man out Of You† from the movie Mulan. This song is about training men to become manlier and this is what Lady Macbeth wanted Macbeth to do. She wanted him to become manlier and do what she tells him. I chose the song â€Å"Tragedy† by the Bee Gees to describe the whole play. The genre of this play is tragedy and this song describes â€Å"when you lose control† of everything. Macbeth took things too far and lost everyone that was close him. The lyric â€Å"With no one beside you, you’re goin’ nowhere† reminds when Lady Macbeth died then he really didn’t have anyone else. Since he had no one with him for support, the only way he could go was down.

The Cases Of A Judicial Precedent

The Cases Of A Judicial Precedent Judicial precedent can be explained as where past decisions of judges are followed in future cases when the facts of the cases are similar. Therefore the legal definition of Judicial precedent can be stated as a courts judgment quoted as a power for choosing a comparable set of facts; a case which provides authority for the legal principle launched in its judgment. It refers to the way in which the law is made and amended through the decisions of judges as there is no particular set of binding rules. The judicial precedents doctrine is based on the principle called stare decisis to stand upon decisions and by which precedents are commanding and compulsory and must be practiced. This means that lower courts are bound to apply the legal principles set by superior courts in earlier cases. This provides balance and certainty in the law. A precedent is always based upon the two factors the ratio decidendi which means a reason for the decision and obiter dictum which means something said by the way and also, the decisions made in the previous relevant cases. The ratio decidendi of a case is the important part of establishing precedents that binds inferior courts in the hierarchy. When a judge makes his judgement in a case, he outlines the facts which he finds have been proved on the evidence. Then he applies the law to those facts and reaches at a decision, for which he gives the reason (ratio decidendi). Whereas obiter dictum is a decision given by a judge that has only incidental bearing on the case in question and is therefore not binding in later cases. The decision of the judge may vary according to the facts of the case and is not strictly relevant to the matter in the issue in the original case. The ratio decidendi is the binding part of a judicial decision whereas an obiter dictum isnt. However, an obiter dictum may be of persuasive (as opposed to binding) authority in later cases. Even if any difficulty arises, the judge will give reasons for his decision, however he will not always tell what the ratio decidendi of case is, and it is then up to a later judge to figure out (elicit) the ratio of the case. However, there may be disagreement over what the ratio is and there may be more than one ratio. Thus, it is not always easy to differentiate ratio decidendi from obiter dictum when assessing the effects of a particular decision; however, when judicial precedent is used, the judge follows or takes the reference of a decision made in a similar past cases that has already been judged upon and he is ruling the same way using the other case as a guideline. Thus, law reporting, hierarchy of courts and a method of distinguishing between obiter dicta ratio decidendi are considered to be the key features of judicial precedent. The general rule of the precedent is that all courts are bound to follow decisions made by their superior courts and appellate courts are usually bound by their own previous decisions. However, certain of the superior courts think themselves as bound by their own verdicts whilst others do not.. Until 1966 The House of Lords was bound by its own previous decisions when Lord Gardiner LC announced a change of practice. The Practice Statement [1966] 1 WLR 1234 stated that even though the House of Lords would treat its decisions as normally binding, it would move off from these when it appeared right to do so. A judgment of the House of Lords ties all lower courts but does not consider itself as strictly bound by its past decisions, for eg, in Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1990) the House overruled its previous decision in Anns v London Borough of Merton (1978) on the matter of a local authoritys legal responsibility in negligence to prospect purchasers of property. The Court of Appeal is bound by decisions of the House of Lords although it considers them to be wrong. However in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718, the Court of Appeal held that it was bound by its own previous decisions subject to the following three exceptions: i. If there is conflict between own previous decisions, the Court of Appeal must decide which is to be followed or rejected. ii. The Court of Appeal must not follow its own decision which cannot stand with a decision of the House of Lords even if its decision hasnt been expressly overruled by the House of Lords. iii. The Court of Appeal need not to follow its own decision if satisfied that it was given per incuriam (literally, by carelessness or mistake). The High Court and the county courts are bound by the decisions of the court of appeal. Principally there is no difference in the application of stare decisis in the civil and criminal divisions of the Court of Appeal. In practice, because a persons liberty may be at risk, precedent is not followed as strictly in the criminal division however judges tend to follow the decisions of the high court for the sake of certainty. For example R v Taylor [1950] 2 KB 368. The High Court is bound by the decisions of Court of Appeal and the House of Lords however it is not bound by other High Court decisions. The county courts are bound by the decisions of individual high courts. House of Lords and the Court of Appeal binds Divisional Court and normally follows a previous decision of another Divisional Court but if they believe that the previous decision was wrong, they may depart. For eg. R v Greater Manchester Coroner, ex parte Tal [1985] QB 67. The Crown Court judgments are not binding, though they are of persuasive authority. Therefore, Crown Court judges are not obliged to follow them. The decisions made by the judges of county courts and magistrates courts are not binding. Judicial precedent is one of the most important source of English law. An original precedent created and applied a new rule whereas the later decisions, of the higher courts, can have a number of effects upon precedents. Particularly they may be: Reversed: where on appeal in the same case, the decision is reversed and the appeal court substitute its own decision. Overruled: Overruling can occur if the previous court fail to apply law correctly, or because the later court considers that the rule of law contained in the previous ratio decidendi is no longer required, then a higher court can overrule a decision made in an earlier case by a lower court. For example, the Court of Appeal can overrule a past High Court decision. A refusal to follow: the court may refuse to follow the earlier decision especially when it is not bound by the decision or cannot overrule it but doesnt wish to follow it. Distinguished: Judges use distinguishing as a tool to avoid following a earlier decision which they would otherwise be bound to follow. It helps to keep judicial precedent and the law flexible. Where a judge founds that the material facts of the present case to be considerably different from the earlier case, then he may distinguish both the cases and refuse to follow previous decision. For eg. Merritt v Merritt (1971) and Balfour v Balfour (1919) Explained: a judge may seek to study or discuss a past decision before applying it or distinguishing it, thus the impact of the previous case is diverse in the circumstances of the current case. A decision which is reached per incuriam is one reached by carelessness or mistake, and can be avoided. For eg. Morelle v Wakeling [1955] 2 QB 379 However, this rule does not allow the Court of Appeal to ignore decisions of the House of Lords. There are three types of Precedent, Original, Binding and Persuasive and are used instead of statutory law in civil cases. Original Precedent is one where the point of law is absolutely new and has never been decided before, means a new case that has never been in trial, the decision then judge comes to will form a new precedent for subsequent cases which may be persuasive but not binding on the court. for eg. the cases heard regarding the 7th July 2005 London bombings were original precedent as the cases were never heard before a UK judge. Binding precedent is when a case involves a point of law, the lawyers for both sides will research past cases to try and find decisions that will help their clients win the case. A past decision is only binding if the decision is at the right level in the hierarchy and the facts of the second case are satisfactorily similar and also only the ratio decidendi of the earlier case is binding. A persuasive precedent is not completely binding on a court but may be applied. For eg. a. Decisions of English courts lower in the hierarchy. For eg, the House of Lords may follow a Court of Appeal decision, and the Court of appeal may follow a High Court decision, even though not strictly bound to do so. b. Decisions made by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. c. Decisions made in the courts in Scotland, Ireland, the Commonwealth (especially Australia, Canada and New Zealand), and the USA. These decisions are usually cited specially where there is a shortage or absolute lack of English authority on a point. d. Obiter dicta of English judges. Judicial precedent enables certainty in the law as its detailed. It helps in forecasting the decision only by looking at the existing precedents. The uniformity in the law enables to treat similar cases in the same way which in turn helps to give the system a sense of justice and to make the system acceptable to the public. However, it may lead to some difficulties in deciding what the ratio decidendi is, mainly when there are a number of reasons. As it is not a set of binding rules, the system limits the growth of the law and can create injustice in individual cases. Hundreds of cases are reported each year, making it hard to find the relevant precedent which should be followed and thus creates a confusion and becomes too complex with thousands of fine distinctions. If judicial precedent was a set of binding rules like statutory law it would have not been that flexible. Therefore from the above discussion, we can conclude that, it is crystal clear that the judicial precedent is based on the real facts and situations, unlike legislation or statutory laws where the law is created. Judicial precedent is practical in nature, and therefore it becomes more flexible. Thus we get number of ways to avoid precedents which allows the system to change and to adapt to new situations referring through a wealth of cases. Thus, judicial precedent is best understood as a practice of the courts and not as a set of binding rules. As a practice it could be refined or changed by the courts as they wish.

Postmodernism :: Philosophy Papers

Postmodernism Traditional thinking has understood the world in its totality as including both chaos and harmony. Lovelock's hypothesis gives us a new resolution to this problem by expanding or even relocating creativity from the human intellect to the world. Postmodernism is the return to the mythological-aesthetic reflexion of the world concerning the idea of order and harmony. Facing the publicly known and proclamated appeals for further prosperity, scepticism is being survived so deeply that a homogenous human effort, activity of every individual has not been able to influence the course of history or even effect the great macroscopic processes. Our era is described as the era of common instability. The chaotic state is always considered to be a natural element of contemporary civilization and democracy. On the other hand we are fascinated with the history where the human effort within its highest degree of creativity can influence gradual processes and emancipate it from an indefinite situation, human existence interfering with the entirety of the process in the appropriate linearity to which our thinking is liable. More important than other fields of study, philosophy always touches upon the entirety of human knowledge. An effort to concern all of our inner strains to interprete the world and the processes in a certain comparison, the idea of total diso rder versus the idea of total order. For philosophers there is no need to emphasise that this idea is a part and even a necessary substance of philosophical consideration, not to mention the fact, that the early philosophical reflection has been its testimony. As to the effort to understand such an idea of totality the initial philosophical interpretation is primary. In addition, this initiative gives reason for a necessity of linear thinking by the most important philosophical interpreters. Simultaneously it confuses nontraditional philosophical ideas with aesthetic considerations a typical way of thinking called postmodernistic. The characteristic constancy of traditional thinking and traditional interpretation is that it was allowed to know and understand the whole world in its wholeness and without prejudice. From the known works in this area of thought it is possible to mention those that are most representative, for example the work of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Descart es or Comte, and if need be, Hegel ´s system. Many other alternativistic philosophical drafts are , of course, not out of the question. These works were established as standard interpretations in a historical-philosophical reflection. Postmodernism :: Philosophy Papers Postmodernism Traditional thinking has understood the world in its totality as including both chaos and harmony. Lovelock's hypothesis gives us a new resolution to this problem by expanding or even relocating creativity from the human intellect to the world. Postmodernism is the return to the mythological-aesthetic reflexion of the world concerning the idea of order and harmony. Facing the publicly known and proclamated appeals for further prosperity, scepticism is being survived so deeply that a homogenous human effort, activity of every individual has not been able to influence the course of history or even effect the great macroscopic processes. Our era is described as the era of common instability. The chaotic state is always considered to be a natural element of contemporary civilization and democracy. On the other hand we are fascinated with the history where the human effort within its highest degree of creativity can influence gradual processes and emancipate it from an indefinite situation, human existence interfering with the entirety of the process in the appropriate linearity to which our thinking is liable. More important than other fields of study, philosophy always touches upon the entirety of human knowledge. An effort to concern all of our inner strains to interprete the world and the processes in a certain comparison, the idea of total diso rder versus the idea of total order. For philosophers there is no need to emphasise that this idea is a part and even a necessary substance of philosophical consideration, not to mention the fact, that the early philosophical reflection has been its testimony. As to the effort to understand such an idea of totality the initial philosophical interpretation is primary. In addition, this initiative gives reason for a necessity of linear thinking by the most important philosophical interpreters. Simultaneously it confuses nontraditional philosophical ideas with aesthetic considerations a typical way of thinking called postmodernistic. The characteristic constancy of traditional thinking and traditional interpretation is that it was allowed to know and understand the whole world in its wholeness and without prejudice. From the known works in this area of thought it is possible to mention those that are most representative, for example the work of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Descart es or Comte, and if need be, Hegel ´s system. Many other alternativistic philosophical drafts are , of course, not out of the question. These works were established as standard interpretations in a historical-philosophical reflection.

Essay --

As a mother of a large family on a very limited budget I have questioned the choices I make in purchasing groceries many times. I want my family to have a healthy diet, yet prices tend to be an issue every time I go grocery shopping. I wonder: What is the relationship between incomes and healthy diets? There are many other questions that need to be explored before we can truly answer the question at hand. Some of those questions include: How do we define a healthy diet? Besides budget, what other factors influence purchasing choices? In what ways are certain foods healthier than others? Also, are healthier foods always more expensive and, if so, why are they more expensive? I recently visited the Mount Vernon WIC office. WIC stands for Women, Infants and children, and is a government program that provides supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk. I interviewed their nutrition specialist, Carolyn, who provided me with some tasty, affordable food choices that kids like, and that are high in vitamins and nutrients. Some of the ideas she gave me were; instead of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, give children celery and peanut butter, but cut up the celery and put the peanut butter in a separate container so the child can â€Å"dip† their food. This is a low cost, high protein snack or light lunch that kids will have fun eating; and instead of a cooked vegetable with dinner, cut up some fresh broccoli, carrots and cauliflower (or other fresh vegetables) and serv e them with a low-fat dressing as a dip for an appetizer before dinner. This helps in get... ...s and having fresh vegetables as an appetizer. Low-income families are in fact at a disadvantage when it comes to eating healthy foods, but this is mostly from lack of education and not necessarily because of costs. Can low-income consumers realistically afford to buy all organic foods and get by month to month? The answer to this is probably not, but what they can do is make health conscious choices when shopping. I believe that the relationship between income and healthy diets is whatever we make it. We all have to remember that what might not seem healthy to one person, might be the healthier choice for another. What it all comes down to is that eating healthy starts by just eating healthier, and changing a bad habit takes time and patience. In a perfect world all foods would be equally available to everyone but the world’s not perfect and neither are people.

Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

With the death of Catherine, the reader is inclined to examine the causes. Cathy herself states that Edgar Linton and Heathcliff are the direct causes, and it is quite the possibility. Finally culminating in one rather brief, yet powerful confrontation, the clashing of Edgar and Heathcliff has been an issue between the two families ever since the day that Cathy and Heathcliff went playing in the moors and got caught at the Linton’s house. Calling him a gypsy and servant, Edgar Linton was disgraced by his presence. Then later, for that scoundrel to be the one that Cathy truly loves? It was just too much for Edgar. The hatred grew and grew. When Heathcliff left, Edgar was at ease. He had Cathy, she had forgotten (or so he thought) about Heathcliff, and all was happy and merry at Thrushcross Grange. Then Heathcliff returned. While his motivations for leaving were good and heartfelt, his return was almost cruel for our ‘princess’ Cathy. She was so used to having ever ything that she could want, that she thought she could have them both. But Edgar stepped in. He finally stood up for himself and told Heathcliff never to return to Thrushcross Grange. It’s hard not to choose a side here, but it’s also hard to choose a side. For one, we see this beautiful, happy couple, raised together as children, and soul mates from the very beginning. One is made to be of lower class, and the other is made to be higher class. This difference provides a simple yet strong social barrier. When the two have to split, when Cathy is forced to make a decision (one which, unfortunately for Heathcliff, she has already made) the two split, and I, as a reader, am forced to choose whose side I’m on. In a novel such as this there is no right and wrong, only the lesser of two evils. Here, I have come to believe that the lesser evil is Edgar. I began to feel sorry for him, having lost both his sister and his wife to Heathcliff, whom he despises and sees as under him on the social ladder. Even though he himself has done things that cannot be right in any sort of way, we know that he truly cares for Catherine. He tolerates her moods and her tantrums, and he provides her with things that she wouldn’t have been able to get at

Pharmaceutical industry

The purpose of this manual Is to guide undergraduate and postgraduate students In the Department of Business Administration at university of Asia Pacific (PAP) in writing up their internship report. It will also be used as a standard with which students will comply in preparing their reports. Thus both students and faculty members acting as supervisors/co-supervisors are advised/expected to be familiar with the guidelines as mentioned in the manual. The manual comprises: A. Formatting of the report B. Preliminary Pages C. Matt Text D.References and Appendices The details of each section are presented below: A. Formatting of the Report The formatting of the report In the mall text should be as follows: Font size: 12 Font type: Times New Roman. Paper: AY size Line spacing: Double. Paragraph: To be indented after the first paragraph; Page margin: Left -1. 25 Len. ; Right, Top and Bottom – 1 In. Each. Page number: To be at the bottom-mid (or at the top-right) of the page, (1, Tota l length of the report: Maximum 40 pages, with the main body of the report not exceeding 30 pages.There are a number of segments In this section; these are: (I) Title page it) Approval Page (iii) Declaration page (iv) Acceptance Letter (vi) Acknowledgements (vii) Executive Summary (viii) Table of Contents (ix) List of Tables (x) List of Figures (xi) Acronyms Title Page: The Title of the report should be in the top portion of the page to be followed by ‘BY and the name of the student. This should be followed by ‘An internship report†¦. For the degree of Business Administration', the name of the department and the university. At the bottom, the date should be mentioned, first, the month, and then, the year (for ex. September, 2010). Please see the format on the Title page on page no. 7. Approval Page: While it is the primary duty of the student to strictly follow the guidelines of writing his/her internship report, the concerned faculty members acting as supervisors a re requested to be involved and to guide the students to produce an authentic report free from ‘Plagiarism' as stated in the next section. Declaration Page: It is of paramount importance that students understand clearly, when they write on this page that the internship work is absolutely theirs.Normally, it is not allowed to copy and paste works of others from any Journal or proceedings, r working papers, or websites or from any other sources, without proper citation, which is termed as â€Å"Plagiarism†. There is, however, one exception: a maximum of 400 words can be copied in which case these must be presented in inverted quotations with the name(s) of the author(s) and page number included. The students also need to remember that it is not enough to state the source of information in the reference section only; rather, it has to be mentioned also in internal citation in the main text of the report.Here is an example: ‘Knowledge management encompasses a systemat ized and integrated managerial tragedy, which combines information technology with the organizational process'; it is ‘a managerial activity that develops, transfers, transmits, stores and applies knowledge, as well as provides the members of the organization with real information to react and make the right decisions, in order to attain the organization's goals' in an ever-changing competitive environment (Hung et al. , 2005, p. 165).Therefore, any student caught in plagiarism SHALL get an ‘F grade, in which case, s/ he has to redo the whole report. They, therefore, must put references/sources of information whenever they cite any numerical figure (for ex. GAP growth rate, or no. Of public/private universities in the country, etc. ), existing information, or any section. Acceptance Letter: Please see on page 10. Letter of Transmittal: The ‘Letter of Transmittal' in an internship report is a formal letter to the Supervisor informing him or her of the completion of the report.It contains the following items: Salutation Purpose of the letter Objectives/methodology/findings of the report Thanks Please see the sample Letter of Transmittal in Appendix-I on page no 13. Acknowledgements: Please see the acknowledgement section on page 10. Executive Summary: The executive summary is the snap shot of the whole report. It should be treated as a ‘stand-alone' section through which the supervisor/reader would get an idea about the overall work done during the internship period.While the length of an executive summary varies, for an internship report, it should not be more than 2 page-long. The content of an executive summary is given on page 1 1 . Table of Contents: In the Table of Contents, the preliminary pages should be stated first with page numbers to be in Roman letters ii. , iii. , etc. ]. This is followed by the main text here the page numbers are to be given as 1, 2, 3, etc. See the Table of Contents section on page 12. List of Tables: corr esponding page numbers. The tables should be numbered as 1 . , 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, etc, as presented in each chapter. In the main text, the guidelines for presenting the ‘Tables' are as follows: There should be a double spacing between the text and the placement of the heading of the Table. Under the Table heading, the title should be written. Both the table heading and the title should be at the center of the page. Below that, there should be a blank single spacing for the table to be presented. After the table, again, there should be a double spacing for the next paragraph to start.In putting any table, the column grid lines are to be omitted; only the row lines are to be kept. No Table no. Should be presented without putting any reference of it in the main text. List of Figures: The list of figures should present all the figures chronologically with their corresponding page numbers. The figures should be numbered as 1 . 1, 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, As in the case of a Table, there sh ould be a double spacing between the text and the placement of the Figure. Both the Figure number and the title should be at the center f the page, and written below the figure after a blank single spacing.After the figure title, again, there should be a double spacing for the next paragraph to start. No Figure number should be presented without putting any reference of it in the main text. For both Table and Figure, see sample Appendix 2 on page 14. Acronyms: All the acronyms should be presented chronologically in alphabetical order. In the main text, while stating for the first time, no abbreviations are allowed. For example, if in a sentence the word UN or SCARCE is mentioned, first time it has to be Ritter as United Nations (UN) or South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SCARCE).Subsequently, only the acronym or the abbreviated form UN or SCARCE is to be stated. C. Man-I Text: The main body of the report should contain the following chapters/sections as a general rule. However, it is up to the concerned faculty member(s) acting as deem it fit. For example, ‘Discussions' in the Chapter Three might be in the last chapter with the heading, like, ‘Discussions and Conclusions', or, the ‘Methodology section could entirely be a separate section, as the case may be.Apart from this, the reservation of the tables and the figures should follow the guidelines as specified in the ‘List of Tables' and ‘List of Figures' sections. Chapter One: Introduction (I) (Origin of the Report) Background of the Study (iii) Objectives of the Report (v) Scope of the Report (v) Limitations of the Report (v') Organization/Structure of the Report Here, the section ‘origin of the report' found in every report might be ignored since this information is to be written on the title page ‘†¦..An internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration'. This section thus seems to be an exercise in redundancy, and may be omitted. We therefore might start with the ‘Background of the study. Chapter Two: Overview of the Industry/Company This section may also be called ‘Literature Review/Survey. In this section, for an industry overview, there should be one/two introductory paragraph(s).This may be followed by an analysis of the application of Michael Porter's 5-forces industry framework that would shed light on the competitiveness of the industry. Here the analysis should illustrate the degree of the impact (high/ medium/low) of the 5 forces and discuss elaborately why it is so. As for the overview of the particular company/organization where the internship is carried out, it should comprise a number of issues, such as, the period of the operation of the business, its branches (if any), its competitors, its product portfolio, its sales/profits in the last few years with adequate analysis.It may present BCC matrix of a few products in the co mpany's portfolio arguing why those fall in a particular category of the matrix. It should present ratio analysis, where various ratios comprising the data of the particular organization must be compared with hose of the industry average / leading company / its main competitor over a period. The section might be cap with the SOOT analysis presenting the four components in Chapter Three: Methodology In this section, the students must mention the sources of their information, primary and/or secondary.If any particular method/technique is applied to analyses the findings, it should be discussed in detail. Chapter Four: Findings and Discussions In the ‘Findings' section, it is expected that the student displays a mastery of his/her analytical ability to analyses the findings. It is, therefore, not enough only to state the exult, rather, s/he is expected to come up with the arguments that can convince the readers (supervisor and/or examiner) of why it is so.For ex. , if in any part icular year, sales or profit goes up significantly compared to its previous or subsequent year(s), it should be adequately analyses by presenting probable reasons for being so.

Haas and Flower Reading Response Essay

â€Å"If readers construct the meaning of texts, how does information transmission work?† Through constructing the meaning of texts, a reader can interpret and summarize chunks of writing into something that is already processed by the reader. Personally, I know that if I begin reading a piece of text that I have never researched or learned in the past, obviously I cannot make an information transmission. On the other hand, when I read a piece of material that I’ve learned in the past, it helps me to fully interpret and think critically on the topic. If a reader can complete a create a connection between past learning and the newer topic, the reader can construct a personal judgment or opinion. The reader’s thesis is then developed and the reader can fully absorb and accomplish what is a â€Å"good read.† â€Å"What kinds of knowledge did you bring to this article that helped you make sense of it?† The information I brought to the article was really a collection of teachings I received through high school. The knowledge to re-read text if I don’t fully comprehend the author’s point. Also the ability to stop and evaluate the text to figure out what Haas and Flower were trying to explain. I received fairly intensive English courses in high school, from which I was able to transmission my past lessons to the text Haas and Flower presented. Without trying to sound repetitive, I was able to pick apart phrases of the text that I simply didn’t understand, even by rereading, and use the context to help make snese of the wording Haas and Flower use.

Islam Dbq Essay

(first name last name) (teachers name) (Class) – (period) March 19, 2013 Why Did Islam Spread So Quickly? Islam originated in present day Saudi Arabia where the prophet, Muhammad, had been born. Islam would later be able to spread quickly through trade, the appealing nature of the Islamic faith, and military campaigns. In the â€Å"Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes† (Doc. A) it shows how Mecca was very busy with all kinds of trade. Since Mecca is where Islam would start in the upcoming years, traders would come and go taking the teachings of Muhammad with them.Mecca was both the center of trade and the center of Islam which leads to the quick spread of faith through the many traders and merchants that traveled to Mecca to trade and left with the words of Islam. It would have helped if a journal of a merchant or traveler that went to Mecca around the time Islam had begun to rise had been included so that readers can see how the people back then took to the idea of a new bel ief such as Islam so the readers can get a better understanding as to why Islam spread. In Versus from The Qur’an (Doc.B), the author, Muhammad used a didactic tone to show he believed in educating the people about Islam. This segment (Doc. B) was used to show the equality featured in the beliefs of Islam so that the â€Å"non-believers† would feel equal and would want to convert to Islam because of its appealing nature. The Qur’an helped spread the word of God by telling the way Islam should be practiced. Equality is what many people looked for and The Qur’an taught people how equality is the main part of Islam it helped spread it faster because people like to be equals and they also like harmony which is available in Islam. The Ghazu† (Doc. D) also helped in teaching others about the appealing nature of Islam by showing how Muslims are equal and they cannot attack each other. This would appeal to the nature of many citizens because it would exting uish any fear of war and it would ease any tension between any set of Muslim territories so that they can spend more time following the duties of Islam instead of worrying about war. While these people looked for peace, Islam welcomed them with open arms telling of equality and harmony.This appealed to the people and thus led to more Islam believers by showing how peace and harmony was present in the ways of Islam. â€Å"The Ordinances of Government† (Doc. E) too helped with spreading the appealing nature of Islam by telling Muslims â€Å"the rules† of Islamic faith to prevent any accidental wrongful actions. This appealed to the people because they knew â€Å"the rules† so they could be true to the nature of their faith and they wouldn’t accidentally stray from the teachings of Muhammad.Abu al-Hasan Al-Mawardi, the author, used an academic tone to show he believed in telling Muslims â€Å"the rules† about Islam so they would become better follower s and make them happier so that they could help spread Islam quickly so that others could hear the teachings of Muhammad as well. It would have helped shed some light on the subject if there was a testimony available from the point of view of a Muslim in which he retells what he looks for in Islam.This would help by seeing if these documents were getting their point across and hitting their target with the Muslims. Lastly, Islam spread quickly through military campaigns which is depicted in â€Å"The Spread of Islam (map)† (Doc. C) This map shows how the people that were conquered by the Muslims chose to convert to Islam because it was more convenient for them to convert to a new religion than it was to continuously pay taxes so they could follow their own religion. The Origins of the Islamic State† (Doc. F) also helped with the spread of Islam because in Circa 850 CE the Muslims were not able to protect the people of Hims because they were busy with their own war and t he people of Hims converted to Islam so they could get protection. This boosted the numbers of the Muslims and it showed that many people converted due to war because it was more convenient to convert to Islam than it was to fight these large armies with no help at all.Ahmad ibn-Jabir al-Baladhuri, the author, used a grim tone to help convey his belief of why the Hims converted to Islam instead of keeping their same belief. It would have helped convey the message of military conquest by getting a journal entry of a commander in the Muslim army so that inferences can be made on how the military made the conversion to Islam possible to so many â€Å"non-believers† so that readers can understand how this helped boost the Muslim population.Islam spread quickly through trade because the many people that traveled to Mecca heard the words of Muhammad and they spread the word to others creating a domino effect with â€Å"non-believers. Islam spread quickly through its appealing natu re too by telling Muslims of peace and Harmony and other things that appealed to the Muslims such as equality. Military campaigns helped spread Islam as well by forcing people to convert so they can avoid paying taxes and it was more convenient for these people to convert to Islam than it was to stay with the religion they had already.

Pay It Forward Paper

You are thinking that this class Is going to be a waste of time, I know this because I was an DEED-100 student last semester. I also thought that it was a waste of time but the class has actually showed me some great habits for studying and managing time that I will use for the rest of my life. I am an eighteen year old who works at Innards and also has to find time with my friends and family, as well as playing acquitted for the USB team.I thought it would be difficult and a lot f pressure but with DEED-100 1 learned how to manage my time better so I could do great in college, have a job, and do hobbies in the meantime. I came Into college with a high school mentality. I soon figured out a week later that I cannot be In high school any more I have to treat this like it is college, Like It was my future. In high school I went to bed late and would wake up, go to school, and do my homework while my teacher Instructed during class.In college I cannot do that anymore, I have to do my ho mework before class and turn It In right at the beginning of class with most of my professors. I also can no longer study the night before or not study at all. The material is a lot more difficult to where I have to actually study in order to achieve. My mentality had changed when I was introduced to DEED-100. Not only does it teach you better time management but it also helps you with how you are going to take on studying for exams and taking notes in class. Ye noticed that taking notes in college is a lot more complex and different than taking notes in high school. In high school you write down everything the teacher rights down whether you understand it or not. In college the professor throws you bone, (key terms you must know!! ) and It Is your responsibility to write It down, study It, and know It the day of the exam. Managing homework and studying along with a Job and other priorities can be tough but I came up with a system to manage it effectively.My job does a great job at going around my schedule but sometimes it can still be hard. I just look at my work schedule for every week and I write what times I'm going to study before and after work. Then I write down what times I will spend with my friends and family along with doing hobbies such as Judith. This way my time schedule is nice and organized and I don't have to worry whether or not I have enough time. It is following your schedule that is the hardest part I really had to commit to it. Time is money so you might as well manage your time better so you can save more money.This semester I had made a goal for myself, as a new college student I wanted to have at least a B average for my class grades. I knew that It would be a hard task coming In as a freshman barely knowing anything about college and how It was going to be. But now that the snow Is falling and winter break Is coming up and my first master is coming to a completion and I feel pretty confident about that B average habits to the DEED-100 class and its instructor as well as my success as a college student thus far.She was very helpful in all of my learning. Not only my professors are helpful though, there are other resources that have been quite useful for my success so far too. Whenever I am not too sure about a W-130 paper I can always count on the writing lab here on campus to help me out with my grammar and punctuation errors. Or when I am about to have a math exam and I am not too sure on how to graph a polynomial, or factor a quadratic equation, the math lab here on amp's is open almost every day of the week.These resources have guided me to success all semester. If you give DEED-100 a chance like I did you will soon find out that it can aid you in your success as a college student. Not only will you learn to have effective study and note taking skills but your college life will be a lot less stressful and difficult with your time management skills. If taken on correctly DEED-100 will drive you to success. Sin cerely.